J£J jj rj^ (3 



OF THE 



ssociation 



OF IOWA 



AND THE FOUNDING OF THE 



JNPIAN TRAINING SCHOOL. 



TOLEDO, IOWA. 




At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Indian Rights 
Association of Iowa, held in the reception room of the Indian Train- 
ing School, Toledo, Iowa, on January 27th, 1899, the undersigned 
persons were appointed a committee to prepare and publish a pamph- 
let giving a history of the founding of the Indian Training School and 
the work of the Indian Rights Association of Iowa in relation there- 
to, and we respectfully submit the following pages as an authentic 
account compiled chiefly from official records of the Indian Depart- 
ment and of the Indian Rights Association of Iowa. 

E. C. Ebersole, 
John R. Caldwell, 
Horace M. Rebok. 




HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE SAC AND FOX INDIANS 

OF IOWA. 



( Excerpt from annual report of Horace M. Rebok, U.S. Indian Agent, to the 
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1898.) 



Four hundred members of a prehistoric race, residing on an average 
of a little more tnan 8 acres of land among the hills, groves and 
meadows which skirt the banks of the beautiful Iowa River in Tama 
county, enjoying the rude, wild life and cherishing the customs of 
their ancestors of a century ago, relishing the dog feast and growing 
zealous in the medicine dance, marrying and divorcing as their fathers 
did before the light of a Christian civilization spread beyond the banks 
of the Mississippi River, without a church house or a school, or a single 
communicant of Protestant or Catholic faith, although for, fifteen 
years devoted missionaries have faithfully ministered to their physical 
wants and zealously tried to make the story of Christ music to their 
barbaric ears and comfort to their disquieted souls, clinging firmly and 
steadfastly in life and in the hour of death to the superstitions of their 
ancestral warriors of a hundred years ago, has been such an anomaly 
in the history of the North American Indian as the Indian Bureau 
was until recent years disposed to disbelieve. Yet such is no over- 
drawn picture of the life of the Muskwaki Indians as they have resid- 
ed in Iowa for over forty years. This band of Indians is a remnant of 
the once powerful Sauks and Foxes, who were a terror to the white 
settler in the region of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Yalley, 
and every other band of Indians whose path they crossed. 

Their original abiding place is hidden among the mysteries of the 
unwritten history of the continent. Caleb Atwater, who visited them 
along the Mississippi River in 1829, wrote at that time: 

The farthest Jback I am able to trace their traditions was up to the time when 
our European ancestors first settled on this continent. That story every Indian 
can tell; and the Sauks have some tradition of their living, as I suppose, in Rhode 
Island, and of King Phillip's war. 

This story by Mr. Atwater and known facts concerning the history 
of these people in the north correspond very closely to the traditions 
that are related by the old men of the tribe, who cherish them as the 
most sacred legacies of their fathers. In the warm summer days it is 
not uncommon to see an old man, with his blanket spread upon the 
ground and himself disrobed of all garments except the breechcloth, 
basking in the sunshine and teaching his grandchildren and the young 



4 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



men of the tribe the religion and traditions of his ancestors. They re- 
late that the first white man their people saw was an Englishman. 
The next nationality they came in contact with was the French; that 
the French were hostile to them and allied other Indian tribes against 
them and finally drove them westward across the lakes. 

The Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa are the Foxes of the tribe known 
in treaties with the Government as the "Sac and Fox of the Mississip- 
pi." Just when or where the union of the Foxes and Sauks took place 
I am unable to state, but at the siege of Detroit they were two dis- 
tinct tribes, for it is related that the French were enabled to with- 
stand the fierce and disastrous assaults of the Foxes only by an alliance 
with the Sauks and other tribes in that locality; and as late as 1815 
the United States made a "treaty of peace and friendship with the 
Fox Nation " This treaty is now in the possession of the chief of our 
tribe, and is preserved in a little buckskin sack, which he guards as 
jealously as he guards his life 

The tribe attaches as much importance to the treaty of 1815 as we 
do to the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution of the 
United States. To it they invariably refer when pressing any claim 
against the Government They boast with much pride that they have 
never violated any of the stipulations of this treaty and from its date 
to the present time none of their band have taken up arms against the 
Government. They disclaim any part or responsibility in the Black 
Hawk war, and point to the fact that Black Hawk was a Sauk and 
that the war known in history by his name was an uprising of the 
Sauks and not of the Foxes. 

This band is otherwise known as the Muskwaki. The spelling 
here given is that adopted by the Smithsonian Institute. The name 
as locally used during their residence in Towa has been spelled Mus- 
quakie. and in a certificate of good character given to their chief by 
John C Calhoun, Secretary of War, in 1824, they were referred to as 
the "Musquky Nation." There have been many erroneous explana- 
tions in vogue as to the meaning of this name and the date of its 
origin. For many years the story was current that the name originat- 
ed at the time of the outbreak of the Black Hawk war when the Foxes 
refused to take part in the hostilities, and that it signifies "coward." 
Nothing could be farther from the truth, for I have already indicated 
that the name was common in 1824, and however spelled, it is always 
pronounced the same way by the Indians, and, literally translated, 
signifies "red earth." The Indians claim that it was the word by 
which their tribe was originally designated and distinguished from 
other tribes, and boast that it signifies "red earth," they are the 
original Indians— the first created by the Great Spirit— and that when 
they were created he gave to them the name Muskwaki, signifying 
that they had been made from red earth. 

By a treaty, in 1842, the joint tribes sold their lands in Iowa to 
the United States, and in partial consideration therefor were assigned 
a reservation in Kansas. The Sauk branch promptly removed to Kan- 
sas, but the Foxes hesitated to leave Iowa. However, under the in- 
fluence of their leaders and the Government agents, the most of them 
removed to Kansas between 1842 and 1845, but scarcely had they 
settled in their new home when they became dissatisfied and began to 
return to Iowa in small groups, and between 1845 and 1866 about 264 
members of the tribe returned, and settled in small villages along the 
Iowa River in Tama, Iowa, and Johnson counties, and it is related 
that a few of their band never left the State. 

In 1856 the general assembly of Iowa passed an act legalizing the 
residence of these Indians in the State and requesting the Secretary 
of War to pay the Indians their annuity in their new home. In the 
summer of 1857, while the Indians were residing along the Iowa River 
in Johnson County, five of the principal men of the tribe were sent out 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



5 



to select a locution for tbeir permanent abiding place, and on July 13 
purchased their first tract of 80 acres of land from a white settler in 
Tama Township, Tama County. In 1866 the first agent was appointed 
over them in the person of Maj. Leander Clark, who is still a resident 
of Toledo. That year the first census was taken since their return to 
Iowa. There were then enrolled 264 persons— 125 males and 139 fe- 
males — and their first annuity payment was made in January, 1867. 

After this payment had been made the Secretary of the Interior 
ordered them to remove to the joint tribunal reservation in Kansas, 
and informed them that no further payment of annuity would be made 
to them except upon said reservation. Fortunately Congress reversed 
this unfair ruling by a special act on March 2, 1867, providing that the 
Indians should receive their aunuity at their Iowa home so long as 
they remained peaceful and as they had the assent of the government 
of Iowa to reside in the State. Since that date this band has annually 
received an approximate proportion of the annuity due it under the 
treaties of 1837 and 1842, but during the years from 1853 to 1867 the 
band was wholly unrecognized by the Government and received no 
annuity, and to the present time the Fox branch of the Sacs and Foxes 
of the Mississippi -has not been permitted to share in the benefits 
which should accrue to them under the stipulations of the treaties 
above referred to, wherein they provided for schools, physician, and 
tribal government, including $500 annually to be paid to their chief, 
and I here submit that the responsibility for the immovability of this 
tribe and its opposition to civilization rests, all things considered, far- 
more with the Government than the Indians themselves. 

When these Indians determined to return to Iowa and take the 
unequal chance of casting their lot among white men, purchasing land 
on their own account, and relying on their resources, it took a special 
act of Congress to save them their annuity which had been guaranteed 
to them by solemn treaty stipulations, and it has taken two or three 
special acts of Congress since that time to give them something like a 
fair apportionment of the funds due them under said treaties. 

For the past forty years this tribe has cost the Government of the 
United States less per capita for administrative purposes than any 
other tribe in the United States. Their peaceful career has been their 
greatest curse. They have not enforced the pledges of the Govern- 
ment by force of arms or by threat of uprising since the treaty of peace 
in 1815, and apparently for this reason they have been left alone to 
suffer while other tribes, including the Sauk branch of their own tribe, 
have been given the lion's share as a natural consequence of their 
hostility. To-day the chief of the Sauk branch in Oklahoma is enjoy- 
ing the treaty stipulation of $500 annually, and has received this 
amount for all the years since the treaty was made, while the chief of 
the Fox branch, to whom an equal amount was as solemnly pledged in 
the same treaty, has not received a single dollar since the return of the 
Fox band to Iowa. Has not the chief of the Muskwaki paid too dear 
a price for the honor of a good conscience? In reflecting upon these 
events one is led to believe that had he taken a war club and led forth 
his band upon the early settlers along the Iowa river in 1857, instead 
of transacting a simple piece of legitimate business in buying a small 
patch of land upon which his people could settle,, he would have en- 
forced recognition and reward where deeds of peace and years of quie- 
tude have been unable to make appeal. 

To the 80 acres originally purchased in 1857 there have been add- 
ed from time to time other tracts of land, until to-day this tribe owns 
nearly 3,000 acres, held in trust for them, some by the governor of 
Iowa, some by the United States Indian agent, all of which is soon to 
be transferred in trust to the Secretary of the Interior, as provided by 
act of Congress in 1896. During their residence in Iowa prior to 1896 
the question of the legal status of these Indians was very much com- 



6 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



plicated. In order to clear the matter up to some extent and to open 
the way for the establishment of an agency boarding school, I organ- 
ized in the summer of 1895 what is known as the Indian Rights As- 
sociation of Iowa. The purpose of this association was to take such 
steps as were necessary to determine and fix, as far as possible, the 
legal status of the Indians and to promote education and civilization 
among them. The work of this organization was left in the hands of 
an executive committee composed of Rev. S. N. Fellows. D.D., of 
Fayette, Iowa; Hon. E. C. Ebersole, Judge John R. Caldwell, of Tole- 
do; Hon. A. E. Jackson and Hon. E. G. Penrose, of Tama, and the 
Indian Agent, and it spent much time for several months in investi- 
gation and advisement. The committee finally formulated a bill 
ceding jurisdiction over the Indians and over their lands to the Federal 
Government, makingcertain advisable reservations in criminal matters 
and fixing the power of the State to tax the Indians for State, county, 
road, and bridge purposes, and relieving the Indians from taxation 
for educational and charitable purposes. Heretofore the Indians had 
been paying taxes to support the white schools in the townships and 
were receiving no benefits therefrom; they were being taxed to help 
maintain the State Uuiversity, and not a member of the tribe was 
provided with a common-school education. 

The act granting jurisdiction was passed in January, 1896, by the 
legislature of Iowa and shortly afterwards Congress passed an act ac- 
cepting the jurisdiction tendered. This has no doubt been the most 
important legislation affecting these Indians since their residence in 
Iowa. It will probably not settle all disputed points, but it clearly 
points the way for the exercise of Federal authority by the agent in 
charge, and every day proves the wisdom of these acts. Prior to this 
legislation the agent could exercise little or no authority and the 
Indians were well aware of the fact and often took advantage of it. 
Hostile members of the tribe who did not approve of the course of the 
agent at times would order him from the ground and even attempt to 
enforce their demand. I do not know that they ever succeeded, but 
this simply shows how far these Indians had gotten from under the 
control of Federal authority, and that to get them back after forty 
^years of undisturbed self-will is no easy task. 

The cession of jurisdiction to the Federal Government opened the 
way for a school. In introducing this subject it is only fair to history 
to state that the Government maintained a day school on the Indian 
land for about eighteen years and that the school amounted to little 
less during the last than^during the first year of its existence. With- 
out the authority to enforce school regulations it was impossible to 
maintain a school of respectable standing, and while a few of the boys 
of the tribe availed themselves to a limited extent of some of the ad- 
vantages offered, it can be truthfully said that the school was almost a 
farce during the entire eighteen years of its operation. 

The matter of establishing a boarding school for the tribe was 
taken up in January, 1895, with the Indian Department, and during 
the ensuing months received much consideration. Commissioner 
Browning indicated his approval and willingness to co-operate with us 
to that end as soon as the matter of jurisdiction should be settled, so 
that the Government would be warranted in establishing a school over 
which it could operate without liability of interference by reason of 
the jurisdiction of the State of Iowa 

After adopting a plan by which to settle the question of jurisdic- 
tion, the executive committee of the Indian Rights Association de- 
termined to make an effort to secure an appropriation from Congress 
for the establishment of a boarding school. A delegation consisting 
of Dr. Fellows, of Fayette, Judge Caldwell, of Toledo, and the writer 
was detailed to wait upon Senator Allison at his home in Dubuque in 




PUSH-E-TONEKE-QUA 

Civil Chief and Head of the Tribal Council. He wasborn in 1842 along 
the Iowa river, near Marengo, Iowa, nephew and adopted son of the 
then ruling chief, Poweshiek. On death of Chief Ma-Mi n-Wau-Ne-Ka, 
Push-E-To-Neke-Qua was elected Chief and Head of the Tribal Council. 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



7 



the fall of 1895. prior to the opening' of Congress. The plan presented 
met with the hearty approval of Senator Allison, and early in Febru- 
ary, 1896, acting- on similar recommendations from both Commissioner 
Browning and Senator Allison, a delegation representing the Indian 
Rights Association visited Washington for the purpose of presenting 
the matter to the Committee on Indian Affairs and to the Iowa dele- 
gation in Congress. The committee detailed for this work. consisted 
of Dr. S. N. Fellows, of Fayette; Rev. T. S. Bailey, of Cedar Rapids, 
and the agent. When we reached Washington the Indian bill had 
already passed the House. An agreement was promptly reached be- 
tween the Indian Department and the Iowa Senators to attach an 
amendment in the Senate, asking an appropriation of $35,000, to the 
bill as it passed the House. This was done, and was concurred in by 
the House, and thus the first appropriation for the first school for 
these Indians was secured. 

In passing this subject and submitting it to record, I desire to 
most cordially, on my behalf and on behalf of the people of Iowa, 
among whom the Indians reside, acknowledge the valuable services of 
the other members of the executive committee of the Indian Rights 
Association of Iowa, the many friends who contributed, financially 
and morally, to its support, and for all these to make acknowledgment 
of the generous, patriotic, and substantial assistance rendered us by 
former Commissioner Browning and his Department, and by the Unit- 
ed States Senators and Members of the House from Iowa. 

Last fall the first policemen were appointed, three in number, and 
members of the tribe. The old men of the tribe and the council used 
every means in their power to intimidate these appointees and to drive 
them from their conclusion; but fortunately they were resolute and 
courageous fellows, and after they had given me their pledge and 
taken the oath of office, they could not be induced to retract, and while 
they had some shortcomings, I can truthfully say that I never saw any 
men, red, white, or black, who have born responsibility more seriously 
and progressed more rapidly than these men in their new relation. I 
was authorized to appoint a fourth policeman, but the hubbub of the 
tribe was so great over the appointment of the three that I have not 
to this day been able to find a fourth man who had the courage to as- 
sume the responsibility. I have now several good men who are con- 
sidering the matter, but they are slow in reaching a conclusion. 



FORMER EDUCATIONAL STEPS. 

In 1875 a day school building was erected by the Federal Govern- 
ment on the Indian land, and efforts were made to conduct a day 
school until June 30, 1896, when the school was abandoned on account 
of the prospective erection of a boarding school. So unsatisfactory 
were the results during this time that on several occasions the Indian 
Bureau suggested the abandonment of the school. In January, 1895 r 
the day school was changed into an industrial day school, with 
somewhat better results, and so continued until finally abandoned. 

$5, 000. f APPROPRIATED. 

In the act of Congress making provision for the current and con- 
tingent expenses of the Indian Department * * * and for other 
purposes for the fiscal year 1894, there appeared an item which pro- 
vided that a 

"sum not exceeding Five Thousand Dollars shall be expended for a school build- 
ing and for furnishing the same complete on the Sac and Fox reservation in Iowa."" 

The unsatisfactory results of the former day school were partially 
due to inadequate buildings and equipment and the above appropria- 
tion sought to better meet the demands of the service by establishing 
a larger and better equipped day school. 

In Department letter under date of April 18, 1894, the Commis- 
sioner of Indian Affairs instructed Wallace R. Lesser, then Agent of 
the Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa, to submit plans, specifications and 
recommendations for the erection and furnishing of the school build- 
ing contemplated in the act of congress referred to. 

On May 17, 1894, the Agent submitted plans and specifications 
providing for the remodeling and enlargement of the old school build- 
ing at an estimated cost of $3,528, and in his report, said : 

"The plans were made with a view of providing a home for the 
farmer and family, teacher and family, and other employees, besides 
giving ample room for school and industrial purposes. * * * I think 
it very desirable that a home be established on the Indian land so that 
it will be a practical illustration every day to the Indians. * * * 
This building will be ample for all- school purposes ever needed here 
and will be sufficiently large for all the children of school age that 
would be liable to attend at one time. It could be utilized as a small 
boarding school. * * * I have endeavored to plan, not only for the 
present, but for future conditions and surroundings with a view to 
serving the best interests of all concerned and to do so as cheaply as 
possible." 



MA-TAU-E-QUA 

Last War Chief. Born at Dubuque, 1810, died in camp along Iowa 
river, in Tama County, October 4, 1897. 



i 
■ 

O 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 9 

Mr. Lesser retired from the agency on September 30, 1894, with- 
out the Department having taken favorable action on his report, and 
on October 6th his successor, Horace M. Rebok, addressed a letter to 
the Department urging the importance of the early completion of the 
plans for the school building under contemplation. Responding to 
this letter Hon. D. M. Browning, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 
under date of October 13th, returned the plans of the former Agent, 
"not approved", and instructed the Agent to submit plans and speci- 
fications in accord with former instructions of the Department, and 
limited the amount to be used in the erection of the building to $3000. 
Pursuant to instructions the Agent on November 2nd, submitted 
plans and specifications for a school at an estimated cost of $3250., not 
including the heating of the building, and on November 9th, again 
addressed the Commissioner on the subject, advising him that the 
Indians had refused their consent to the erection of the new building 
on their land or to the improvement of the old premises. Referring 
to letters of November 2nd and 9th, in Department letter of January 
3, 1895, the Commissioner thus addressed the Agent: 

Replying to your letter of November 9, 1894, you are informed 
that, in view of the special appropriation of $5000. from which I quote 
as follows "of which sum not exceeding $5000. shall be expended for a 
school building and for furnishing same complete on the Sac and Fox 
Reservation in Iowa" as set forth in Office Letter, Education, April 
18, 1894, and in accordance with instructions contained in Office letter 
of June 27, 1894. and in connection with letter of your predecessor 
dated July 2nd, 1894, this Office has now under preparation plans for 
a day school building at your agency. It now appears from your letter 
that the Indians object to this school building. The Indians have 
nothing to say in the matter. * * * * If, as you say, the 
Indians are opposed to the school, no further steps will be taken by 
this Office to erect said building, and eventually the $5000. specially 
appropriated for that purpose will revert to the treasury. You will 
therefore make the situation known to the Indians and report at once 
to this Office your views on the matter. No further steps will be taken 
in the premises until your report is received. 

About the same time the Indian Bureau suggested the abandon- 
ment of the old school on account of unsatisfactory attendance. 

Replying to Department letter of January 3, and to this latter 
proposition, the Agent, under date of January 21, 1895, addressed a 
letter to the Commissioner strongly protesting against the abandon- 
ment of the school and inviting further investigation by the Depart- 
ment. In response to this the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on 
January 26th, wrote the Agent thus: 

I am in receipt of your letter of January 21st relative to the school 
at your Agency. The entire matter will be thoroughly investigated in 
a short time by Supervisor Moss, who has been directed to go to your 
Agency, and no action will be taken by this office in the matters re- 
ferred to in your letter until the receipt of the report of the Super- 
visor. 

Supervisor Moss visited the Agency in April, did much to arouse 



10 INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 

local sentiment on behalf of the Indians, made a report of the facts 
and prevailing conditions, and recommended that the old day school 
be continued until better provision was made for education among 
these Indians. 

MOVEMENT FOK A BOARDING SCHOOL. 

As the end of the fiscal year was drawing to a close at which time 

the $5,000 appropriation for the enlargement of the day school would 

recur into the United States treasury, it became apparent that the 

appropriation could not be utilized. An examination of the official 

correspondence shows that the several branches of the Indian Bureau 

had become convinced that a more comprehensive policy should be 

adopted. On May 18. 1895, Dr. W. N. Hailman, Superintendent of 

Indian Schools, in a letter to the Agent, said : 

; 'I had been in hopes that you would be called to Washington to 
consult concerning the establishmeut of a school at Tama, but I find 
that for technical reasons this has been found impracticable. I have 
not been able to find out fully what you have done in this direction, 
but have today suggested to the Education Division that you be re- 
quested to send plans and estimates of a suitable school at or near 
Tama, indicating location and other details. Should such request not 
reach you, I shall be pleased to forward to the Commissioner, with my 
opinions thereon, whatever you may send me of a similar character." 

Again addressing the Agent, May 28, 1895, the Superintendent of 

Indian Schools said : 

"It appears that the Indian Office prefers to leave preliminary ar- 
rangements with reference to the establishment of a boarding school 
or continuance of a day school at your Agency with me. 

I should like very much to close this investigation at as early a 
date as possible, inasmuch as I shall be compelled to leave the office 
about June 30th. You will confer a favor upon me, therefore, if you 
will at your earliest convenience comply with the request I made in 
my letter of May 18th." 

INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION ORGANIZED. 

Prior to this all efforts among these Indians had been confined to 
the Indian Bureau and to a Presbyterian mission established among 
them some twelve years before. The work of the mission was much 
hindered on account of the meagre educational facilities provided by 
the government, and there were none who entered more zealously into 
the plan for better things among the Indians than Rev. J. Irwin 
Smith, D. D., pastor of the Presbyterian churches in Toledo and 
Tama, and Dr. T. S. Bailey, superintendent of the Presbyterian Mis- 
sion for the Synod of Iowa Local sentiment had not yet been aroused 
on behalf of the Indians and little or no interest had been felt in them 
throughout the state. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the Sup- 
erintendent of Indian Schools, and the Indian Agent had canvassed 
the situation and were ready to co-operate with the people of Tama 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



11 



county and of Iowa, but the situation was such that it was necessary 
for the people themselves to manifest some anxiety in the matter. 
Accordingly the following letter was addressed to Dr. A. L. Riggs, 
principal of the Santee graining School, Nebraska : 

Sac and Fox Agency, Toledo, Iowa, April 5, 1896. 

Dr A. L. Riggs, 

Santee Agency, Nebraska. 

Dear Sir : 

Supervisor Moss of the Indian Schools, has suggested to me that 
by writing to you I could secure the services of an Indian to come to 
Toledo to deliver a public address. What we need at this place is a 
stirring up of local sentiment in favor of the Indian, and I know of no 
better means than to bring an Indian here who is able to tell our people 
what education and civilization can do for the Indian. Have you any 
one at your agency whom you could send ? What would be the cost of 
securing him, and when could he come? My present plan is to have 
three meetings, one in Toledo, one in Tama and one in Montour, the 
three towns most nearly situated to the Indians of our reservation. 
Any aid you may render us fn this direction will be appreciated and 
will render us a good service. Respectfully, 

Horace M. Rebok, 

U. S. Indian Agent. 

The letter received in reply was as follows : 

Santee Normal Training School, i 
American Missionary Ass'n, 
Santee Agency, Neb. ) 
Horace M. Rebok, Esq., April 22, 1895. 

U. S. Indian Agent Sac and Fox Agency. 
Dear Sir : 

In response to yours of April 5th I would recommend that you 
write Dr. Chas. A. Eastman to give the address you wish for. He is 
now Indian Secretary of International Committee of the Y. M. C. A., 
with headquarters in St. Paul. If you wish to get his help I will write 
the International Committee and they would certainly approve. The 
expense would not be much from St. Paul down to your place. Ad- 
dress Dr. Eastman, 226, East 10th St., St. Paul, Minn. In case he can- 
not arrange to visit you, the next person I would name is Rev. John 
Eastman, his older brother, who is a Presbyterian pastor atFlandreau, 
S. D. But he is not as ready a speaker in English. Dr. Eastman has 
a pleasant, easy way and is a very acceptable speaker. Of course there 
are others who might be available but I think you had better try to 
get Dr. C. A. Eastman. He started his school life at our Santee Nor- 
mal Training School. He went through college at Dartmouth and 
studied medicine at Boston. I am 

Yours respectfully, 

A. L. Riggs. 

A letter was immediately addressed to Dr. Eastman and he pro- 
posed to make an engagement for the sum of $50. Dr. Eastman's let- 
ter is unfortunately not at hand, so that it cannot be reproduced. In 
reply the following letter was sent : 

Sac and Fox Agency, ) 
Toledo, Iowa, May 6, 1895. f 

Dr. Chas. A. Eastman, 

Springfield, Mass. 

Dear Sir : 

This is the first opportunity I have had to reply to your letter of 
April 29th on account of having had to arrange with the ministerial 
association as to date. The ministers will kindly yield to us Sunday, 



12 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



June 2, and arrange for a union meeting in Toledo and one in Tama. 
The towns are about two miles apart and each about three miles 
from the Indian camps. I will be glad indeed if you can arrange to be 
with us on that date and will guarantee you a fee of $50. If your work 
is such that you could spend a day or two among our Indians 
prior to these meetings, I think it would be of advantage and interest. 
Kindly let me hear from you as soon as you receive this, stating 
whether or not we shall arrange for June 2nd, and send me some press 
account of your career, if possible. I would be glad to receive an elec- 
tro plate for local press if you have such. , I remember of seeing your 
picture in one of the Minneapolis papers about a year ago. 

Yours respectfully, 

Horace M. Rebok, 

U. S-. Indian Agent. 

Dr. Chas. A. Eastman spent Saturday, June 1, 1895, with the 

Indians in camp and on the following day addressed the people of 

Toledo and Tama on the merits of Indian civilization. A report of 

the work of these meetings, resulting in the organization of the Indian 

Rights Association of Iowa, will be found in the report made by its 

president, Rev. S. !N. Fellows, D. D., January 21, 1899, and published 

as a part of tliis pamphlet. 

A BOARDING SCHOOL RECOMMENDED. 

Reporting under instructions from the Superintendent of Indian 
Schools of May 18th and May 28th, 1895, the Agent on June 8th, said : 

"Looking to this end [a new day school] a provision of $5,000 was 
made for the erection of a day school at this Agency. The plans for 
the school have never been carried out and the money will recur into 
the United States Treasury on the last day of this month, and I may 
add, this is well. The provision for a day school was inadequate. 
A day school will not solve the problem at this Agency. We may as 
well conclude to take the short cut on the problem in the beginning 
and to say that nothing short of a boarding school that will accommo- 
date about 110 pupils, well supported, well supervised, and with 
authority, if necessary, to enforce police regulations, will accomplish 
the end. We have here today the worst problem to deal with that the 
Department finds among any of the Indians of the states. We have 
to break the power and influence of the chiefs and medicine men be- 
fore there will be any marked progress in the tribe. That cannot be 
done by the methods of a day school. If there is no authority now 
existing for the exercise of police regulations among these people, that 
authority will have to be created. I doubt if such authority now 
exists. I believe that the Indians have taken counsel in the matter 
and have been legally advised that neither the Agent nor the Depart- 
ment has authority to compel attendance at the school. While I say 
that this method, will rapidly and correctly solve the problem among 
these people, I do not wish to be understood that great good cannot 
be done in the absence of police authority. 

When Supervisor Moss was here the agent and supervisor carefully 
looked over the situation and conferred together concerning the best 
policy. A week ago we had Dr. Chas. A Eastman of St. Paul with us, 
especially to give bis observations, experience and judgment as ap- 
plied to this situation, and from all our investigations and councils I 
have concluded to report that a boarding school is the only solution of 
the problem at this Agency. The school work should be conducted 
especially along industrial lines." 



4 



A TYPICAL GEOUP OF MUSQUAKIES. 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



L3 



Referring- to the above recommendation the Superintendent of 

Indian Schools, under date of June 14, 1895, addressed the Agent thus: 

"Your report and recommendation with reference to the school at 
your Agency have been received- I hope to stop over with you on my 
way to the Sioux City Institute during the last days of this month in 
order to fix upon a definite line of procedure. So far as I am concern- 
ed my mind is fully made up to leave nothing undone that may help to 
secure a boarding school at your Agency." 

From this time until the school was an assured fact there was cor- 
dial co-operation between the Indian Bureau, the Indian Eights As- 
sociation of Iowa, and the Iowa delegation in Congress, to the end 
that suitable provision might be made in the Indian bill for the fiscal 
year 1897 for the erection of .such a boarding school as the Indian 
Bureau might determine upon. 

$35,000 APPROPRIATED. 

In the act of Congress making appropriations for current and con- 
tingent expenses of the Indian Department for the fiscal year 1897, 
there appeared an item as follows : 

"For the erection and completion of suitable buildings, including 
the necessary furniture of all kinds for the same, for an industrial 
school at or near the reservation of the Sac and Fox Indians in Tama 
county, Iowa, and for the purchase of a suitable site for the same, 
thirty-five thousand dollars." 

Locating the School. The history of locating the school 

is briefly told in the following language in the Commissioner's annual 

report for 1897, page 422 : 

By the Indian appropriation act of June 10, 1896 (29. Stat L., p. 
345), there was appropriated by Congress the sum of $35,000 "for the 
erection and completion of suitable school buildings, including the 
necessary furniture of all kinds for the same, for an industrial board- 
ing school at or near the reservation of the Sac and Fox Indians, in 
Tama County, Iowa, and for the purchase of a suitable site for the 
same. " 

July 31, 1896, United States Indian Agent Horace M. Rebok reported 
that he had carefully examined all the tracts that were for sale within 
reasonable distance of the Sac and Fox lands that were suitable for 
school purposes, and recommended the purchase from the heirs of D. 
D. Appelgate of 70 acres directly west of the incorporated town of 
Toledo, in Tama County. Iowa, at $75 per acre. This selection of land 
was concurred in by Inspecter C. C. Duncan. 

August 20 the Secretary granted authority for the purchase, and 
October 10, 1896, Agent Rebok submitted a deed, dated September 10, 
1896, from the heirs of David D. Appelgate, conveying to the United 
States, for $5,250. the east 70 acres of the S. i of the SE. i of sec. 16, T. 
F3. jST. . R. 15 W., with abstract of title, together with the certificates 
called for as to taxes, judgments, mortgages, or other liens on said 
land. The deed was declared by the Attorney-General, November 28, 
1896. to pass a valid title. 

Before steps were finally taken to pay over the consideration 
money, Senator Gear of Iowa," filed. December 4. 1896, sundry petitions, 
with a map of a tract known as the Gallagher property and his own 
protest against the purchase of the Appelgate property in preference 



14 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



to the Gallagher property, on the ground that the former was not sat- 
isfactory to the citizens of Tama nor to the Indians. 

December 8, 1896, the Indian Office reporting to the Secretary on 
the merits of the tract selected stated that the proposed buildings 
would be erected at a point one mile west and one-quarter of a mile 
south of the principal business street of Toledo and five miles by the 
usually traveled highway from the Indian village; that the land rises 
from the banks of a small stream known as Deer Creek, which flows 
through a portion of the east end and supplies the pasturage with liv- 
ing water, in a gradual slope to an elevation of probably 50 feet to the 
northwest corner, which is skirted with a natural grove of 6 acres. 

Inspector James McLaughlin was directed to examine both proper- 
ties, and he reported December 31, 1896, that the opposition to the 
Appelgate tract by the people of Tama and to the Gallagher tract by 
the people of Toledo was largely due to a local strife of the two towns 
and that it was impossible to get them to agree upon a site for the 
Indian school; that the Indians expressed no preference, and as the 
Appelgate tract met the requirements of the service, he recommended 
that that site be approved and the purchase consummated. 

February 15, 1897, authority was granted for concluding the pur- 
chase of the Appelgate site and payment of the purchase money. 

The deed was recorded February 22, 1897, by the recorder for Tama 
County, Iowa, in Book 118, page 139. It is recorded in Indian Office in 
Miscellaneous Kecord Book, Volume IV, page 171. 

Naming the School. Hon Wm. B. Allison, being the senior 
Senator from Iowa, and being held in high esteem by the Indians for 
the cheerful manner in which he had several times protected their 
interests when unjustly assailed, the Agent thought it appropriate 
that the school established for the education of their children should 
bear Senator Allison's name, and in a letter to the Commissioner of 
Indian Affairs on December 11, 1896, said: 

"In looking about for a name for the new industrial school at this 
agency, allow me to suggest that the school be called 'The Allison 
Institute for the Training of Iowa Indian Children,' to be commonly 
known as "The Allison Institute.' " 

In reply to this suggestion the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
wrote the Agent, December 16, 1896: 

"Replying to your letter of the 11th inst., suggesting that you call 
the new Sac and Fox Boarding School, "The Allison Institute for the 
Training of Iowa Indian Children," you are advised that under the 
orders of the Secretary it is improper to designate these institutions by 
any name other than such as 'The Indian Training School at Toledo, 
Iowa, for the Iowa Sac and Fox Indians.' Therefore, your suggestions 
'cannot be carried out and the official title of the school will be as 
above indicated." 

Construction of Buildings and Organization. The authority 
to enter into contract for the erection of the dormitory was issued 
by the Commisssoner of Indian Affairs, March 16, 1897. 

The contract was awarded, at Toledo, Iowa, April 16, 1897, to 
Banzhof & Reimer, of Marshalltown, Iowa, for the sum of $19,130.00, 
and was approved by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 26, and 
by the Secretary of the Interior, April 27, 1897. 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



L5 



Ground was broken for the building May, 17, 1807. Tbe corner 
stone was laid July 23. The Doromitory was completed and receipted 
for, December 31st, 1897. 

A report of the erection of other buildings, improvement of prem- 
ises, and subsequent history of the school will be found in the annual 
reports of George W. Nellis, Superintendent of the School, for 1898 
and 1899, herewith appended: 

SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT, 1898. 

Sac and Fox Agency, [ 
Toledo, Iowa, July 15, 1898. f 
Madam: I have the honor to submit the following report of the 
Sac and Fox (Iowa) Boarding School for the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1898: 

Location.— This school is located on a tract of land comprising 70 
acres, lying immediately west of and adjoining the corporation of the 
city of Toledo, in Tama County, Iowa. The land was purchased at a 
cost of $75 per acre, and is in every way suitable. In point of good 
drainage, general character of land, railroad and postal facilities, as 
well as good moral influences of the surrounding community, the loca- 
tion can not well be excelled. 

Buildings.— The only building so far completed is the main dor- 
omitory building. It is a T-shaped brick structure, having basement 
and two stories. Its greatest length is 159 feet, 1 inch, and its great- 
est depth 80 feet 7 inches. The basement contains, besides boiler 
room, coal room, and cellar, two play rooms, each 28 by 37 feet, with 
clothes rooms adjoining, eacn 28 by 37 feet. On the first floor are boys' 
and girls' silting rooms, 2 school rooms, boys' and girls' bath rooms, 6 
empl , ees' rooms, kitchen, and dining room. On the second floor are 
3 employees' rooms, boys' and girls' lavatories, boys' and girls' dorom- 
itories, each about 28 by 55 feet. The back porches, upon which the 
doromitories open, are provided with fire escapes. There are water- 
closets in the basement and on the second floor. The building is 
roofed with metal shingles and is well protected against fire. There 
are on each floor 100 feet of 2-inch hose upon which water can be 
turned at a moment's notice. We also have two hose carts with 400 
feet of 21-inch hose, which can be attached to the two fire hydrants 
outside. These hydrants are so located that all parts of the grounds 
reserved for building purposes can be conveniently reached. 

The sewerage system, which discharges into Deer Creek at a point 
2,000 feet from the'buildings, is perfect We have an abundance of 
water, being connected with the city waterworks of Toledo. The 
water rent for all purposes amounts to $85 per year, the contract cov- 
ering a period of ten years. 

Authority has been granted for the erection of three additional 
buildings— the barn, the laundry, and the shop and warehouse build- 
ing. The barn is a two-story frame building with 8-foot stone base- 
ment. It is 35 by 55 feet Attached to one end of the barn is a stone 
machinery shed 16 by 51 feet. The laundry is a two-story brick, the 
first floor to contain washing and ironing room and the second floor, 
sewing and dry rooms. The building is 20 feet 4 inches by 38 feet 8 
inches. The shop and warehouse building is also a two-story brick 
building, the first floor to contain carpenter and shoe shops, the second 
to be used as a wareroom. This building will be built into the side 
hill so that the second floor can be entered in the rear from the 
ground. The contractors are getting their material on the ground 



16 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



and the contract calls for the completion of the buildings by the 15th 
of September. 

Estimates have been prepared and authority requested for the 
erection of hog, poultry, and ice houses and root cellar, the labor to be 
performed by school employees. 

Much work has been done on the grounds in the way of grading. 
When completed we will have a lawn 400 feet long by 2U0 feet deep. 
It is our intention to seed it during the coming autumn. About 3 
acres have been planted in small fruits— grapes, strawberries, rasp- 
berries, blackberries, etc. We have also set out about 250 apple, plum, 
and cherry trees, together with quite a number of forest trees for 
ornamental purposes. About 17 acres of ground were cultivated by 
the school farmer. Ten acres of oats have just been harvested, the 
estimated yield of which is 300 hundred bushels. The balance of the 
ground was put into millet, sweet corn, and small vegetables. Our 
hay crop will be about 10 tons. 

It was the intention to have opened this school April 1, but be- 
cause of the lack'of lighting facilities and the late arrival of neccessary 
supplies, this could not be done. The date now set for opening is 
September 1. What the attendance will be itis impossible to estimate 
intelligently. A number of the younger people of the tribe are favor- 
able to the school, but the older element opposes it bitterly. It is to 
be hoped that the Department will find some way to compel attend- 
ance at the school among the people if it can not be secured otherwise. 
I am, however, not without hope that a considerable number of child- 
ren can be secured. The agent undoubtedly has the confidence of the 
better element of the tribe, is heart and soul with the school, and is 
bending every energy toward making it a success. 

I wish to thank Agent Rebok for his uniform kindness and court- 
esy toward myself and employees, and to express my appreciation of 
the generous treatment of estimates and requests by the Indian 
Office. Very respectfully, 

Geo. W Nellis, 

Superintendent. 

The Superintendent of Indian Schools. 

(Through Horace M. Rebok, United States Indian Agent.) 

SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT, 1899. 

Sac and Fox Agency, ) 
Toledo, Iowa, Aug. 15. 1899. j* 

Madam: I have the honor to submit the following report of the 
boarding school at this agency for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1899. 

On September 15 the last of the main buildings was completed and 
receipted for, all necessary supplies had been received, a full corps 
of employees was on hand, and everything was in readiness for the 
reception of pupils. 

During the preceding year while the buildings were in process of 
erection, every effort was made to create an interest in the school on 
the part of the Indians. Employment in cultivating the crops on the 
farm and grading around the buildings was offered them, but was ac- 
cepted by only four Indians, and they remained only a few day?, owing* 
to the criticism and ridicule of the other Indians. From time to time 
as many as could be induced to go were taken to the school and shown 
over the buildings and grounds. The clothing and subsistence sup- 
plies and appliances for industrial training were shown them, and the 
advantages the school offered to their children pointed out. It 
seemed, however, that as the buildings neared completion and the 
date set for the opening of the school drew near, the opposition in- 
stead of diminishing became more intense. The chiefs, members of 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



IT 



the council, and head men, were especially determined in their opposi- 
tion. When the annuity payment was made over one hundred refused 
to receive it, mainly because they had been made to believe that if 
they did so, they thereby gave the government the right to place their 
children in school. About this time two'girls, one a daughter of the 
head chief, became very unruly and were causing their parents a great 
deal of annoyance. The chief reported the matter to the Agent and 
asked that the girls be apprehended by the police and punished. The 
Agent at once had them brought in and taken to the school. This 
raised the greatest kind of an uproar among the people. The chief 
and his wife came to the Agent and demanded the immediate release 
of the girls, saying that they were perfectly willing that the girls be 

put INTO JAIL AND FOR ANYTIME HE MIGHT DEEM BEST, but that Under 

no circumstances would they consent to their remaining in the school. 
The Agent refused to release them, but by no amount of reason or 
argument could he change the feelings of the parents in the matter. 
The girls afterward ran away from the school and were not returned 
for the reason that they were notoriously bad girls and not proper com- 
panions for the other pupils. 

Such were the conditions, when everything being ready for the 
opening of school, we started out to obtain pupils. Daily and almost 
nightly visits were made by the Agent and myself to the reservation. 
We were generally received in a friendly way and respectfully listened 
to. At times we were bitterly denounced for attempting to interfere 
with them in living the life decreed for them by the Great Spirit and 
guaranteed to them in the earlier times by the Government of the 
United States. Many interesting councils were held, one of them at 
least will not soon be forgotten. It occurred at night and there were 
present beside the Agent and myself, only the head chief, Push-E-To- 
jNeke-Qua, the Interpreter and three policeman. No other Indians had 
been invited for the reason that it was thought the key to the situa- 
tion lay mainly in the attitude of the chief, and that he might be more 
easily influenced if unaccompanied by others. The policemen had al- 
ready expressed their willingness to put their children into school if 
the chief would do likewise. Addressing the old man the Agent refer- 
red to the deplorable condition of affairs on the reservation, especially 
among the children, and pointed out the benefits to be derived from 
attendance at the school. He spoke of the chief's leadership and great 
influence among the people and his consequent responsibility, and in- 
sisted strongly that it was his duty to have the children of the tribe 
put into the school, and that to do otherwise would be a crime against 
his people. It was a strong case and the old man felt it. He listened 
in silence until the Agent had concluded, then quickly rising and ad- 
vancing into the center of the room, his eyes flashing and his voice 
trembling with emotion, his whole bearing indicating intense excite- 
ment, he said: "My friend, the Musquakies have always been friends 
to the white people, but they will not accept your school. You may 
come and kill us, but we will not give you our children. I will say no 
more." He started for the door, but recovering his composure to some 
extent, he turned back, shook hands with us and went out into the 
night, followed by the Interpreter whose attitude was scarcely less un- 
favorable than that of the Chief. It was a discouraging point. All 
chance for further negotiations seemed to be lost. The outlook was 
anything but hopeful. The next morning the Agent summoned the 
Interpreter before him and informed him that if he wished to retain 
his official position he must not only cease all opposition to the school, 
but work earnestly in its favor. This he agreed to do, and from that 
day on has been a loyal and efficient helper. It was through his influ- 
ence that the Agent was enabled to again bring the Chief into council 



18 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



on the school question. Thus matters progressed, frequent confer- 
ences with the chief and council being held and the parents and chil- 
dren being interviewed and solicited without success, until on the 20th 
day of October, an orphan boy, 19 years of age, came to the school and 
was enrolled as a pupil. Two days later the captain of the police 
brought in his 8 year old boy, to be followed the next day by an older 
daughter. October 27, another boy, a son of an old medicine man, in 
opposition to his parents' wishes came and was enrolled. Nov. 1 a sec- 
ond son of the old medicine man came in, and a few days later two 
more boys were secured. This made seven pupils, and our enrollment 
stood at that point for some time. Meanwhile the constant work with 
the chief and council had begun to bear fruit, and on the 14th of 
of December, the chief in open council accepted the school and grant- 
ed permission to the people to send their children, and the same day 
sent his own boy. He some time later sent a daughter and four grand 
children At this time also, the Agent went into the District Court 
and petitioned for the appointment of suitable guardians for a number 
of orphan children who were being neglected. This petition the 
Court granted, naming the present Agent as guardian, and at the 
same time issuing an order that the children be put into the school 
provided for them. In this way during the year twenty pupils were 
secured. Dec 31, twenty-five pupils had been enrolled and on Jan. 27, 
the date upon which Mr. Rebok turned the agency over to his succes- 
sor the attendance had reached thirty-five. When school closed June 
30, fifteen more pupils had been added, making the total enrollment 
for the year fifty. The average attendance for the last quarter was 
forty-seven. 

The children were very bright and tractable and adapted them- 
selves to their changed conditions much more readily than the Indian 
children further west, with whom I have worked, due doubtless to the 
fact that they have mingled more with white people, In good weather 
the children were permitted to go home on Saturday mornings and in 
every case they returned voluntarily in the evening. They seemed to 
enjoy their life in the school, and when they went home for vacation, 
nearly all promised to return in the fall, the large boys being especially 
positive in their assurance. 

Parents and friends made frequent visits to the school and on clos- 
ing day over one hundred of them took dinner with the children in the 
grove. The great majority of these people however are bitterly op- 
posed to education, and it will be some time before the school can be 
filled by voluntary attendance. It is exceedingly unfortunate that 
some means cannot be found to compel attendance on this reserva- 
tion. Many of the children and young people are anxious to attend 
school, but are prevented from doing so by their parents and other 
relatives. I hope that the day is not far distant when Congress will 
follow the recommendations of the Honorable Commissioner of Indian 
Affairs in his last report and pass laws compelling the attendance of 
Indian children at the schools provided for them. If compulsory edu- 
cation is justifiable anywhere it certainly is among the Indians, and no 
where more so than on the Sac and Fox reservation of Iowa. 

The results obtained in the class room were most satisfactory and 
reflect much credit upon the teacher. 

The several industrial departments were intelligently and success- 
fully administered and excellent progress made. 

The school farm consists of seventy acres, and has been well 
cultivated. 



INDIAN SCHOOL GIKLS AND MKS. SHOWAN, 
Indian Assistant. 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



I 9 



The estimated yield for the year is: 

Corn 350 Bu. Fruit .. ... 10 Bu. 

Oats 250 " Millet 10 Tons 

Potatoes 150 k( Mangel-wurzels 10 " 

Turnips 50 " Ruta Bagos 1 " 

Onions 50 " Cabbages 2000 

Other Vegetables 150 " 

The school stock consists of 4 horses, 3 cows, 3 calves, 24 hogs and 
pigs, and 50 chickens. We had the misfortune to lose a valuable cow a 
short time since from sickness. Authority has been requested for the 
purchase of five additional cows which are much needed. 

During the year the barn, ware-house, poultry-house, and hog 
house were erected, the first three by contract, the others by the 
school carpenter, assisted by Indian boys. About 300 rods of board 
fence, and 450 rods of wire fence were built. The different buildings 
were connected with side-walks, and the main dormitory building pro- 
vided with screen doors and windows. Driveways over the premises 
were constructed, and the lawn, about 400 feet long and 200 feet deep, 
has been seeded. About 100 elm and other forest trees were set out 
along the drive-ways, most of which seem to be in a thrifty condition. 

Early in September a gasoline gas plant was installed at a cost of 
$1055 and has proven an unqualified success. Where the Welsbach 
burner is used, it gives a light much superior to the electric light. 
The plant lights the grounds and all the main buildings except the 
barn and has been operated all year at a cost of less than $150 includ- 
ing all repairs. 

The health of the school has been fairly, good. There were only 
two cases of serious illness, no deaths, and no dismissals on account of 
ill health. The phj^sician was attentive and thoroughly competent. 

One of the pleasant occurrences of the year was a meeting at the 
school January 27, 1899, of the Indian Rights Association of Iowa, an 
organization formed in 1895 for the promotion of education and civili- 
zation among the Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa. This association ren- 
dered valuable assistance to the Agent in obtaining an appropriation 
for the establishment of this school. During the day an inspection of 
the school plant, and a thorough investigation of the working of the 
school were made by the executive committee, and in the evening a 
reception and public meeting was held in the assembly room. Rev. 
Dr. S. N. Fellows, of Grundy Center, Iowa, President of the Associa- 
tion, presided at the meeting and made a very interesting address. 
Short talks were also made by the outgoing Agent, II. M. Rebok, and 
his successor, Mr. Malin, Judge J. R. Caldwell and Hon. E. C. Ebersole, 
of Toledo; Hon. A. E. Jackson, of Tama; theSuperintendent and others. 
It was a very interesting and enjoyable occasion and full of encourage- 
ment to the employees of the school. The interest taken in our work 
by the people who comprise the Indian Rights Association of Iowa is 
much appreciated. 

Very Respectfully, 

Geo. W. Nellis, 

Superintendent. 

The Superintendent of Indian Schools. 

(Through W. G. Malin, United States Indian Agent.) 



20 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



SCHOOL EMPLOYEES. 

The following is a complete roster of the persons employed at the 
school, from the beginning to September 1st, 1899: 



Geo. W. Nellis 

Laura B. Cottrell. . . 
Lucie (J. Ma ley. . . . 

Mary H. Cupp 

Alethea M. Cooper. . 

Etta E. Wade 

Minnie A. Kennedy. 
Julia A. Barnett... . 
Geo. R. Wade . . 
Martha A. Tibbetts. 
Albert Fife 

Albert Cory 

G. H. Tibbetts 

John Soldier 

Henry Davis. . . . 

Joseph Tesson Jr 

Jack Bui i arc! 

Geo. Green 

Joseph Tesson Jr 

Emma Showan 



Superintendent. . 

Teacher 

Kindergartner. . . 
Matron 

do 

do 

do 

Seamstress 

Cook 

Laundress 

Carpenter 

Indust. Teacher. . 
do 

Indian Assistant, 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 



Began Service Terminated 



Aug. 10, 1897... 
Sept, 1, 1898 .. 
March 13, 1898 
Sept, 1. 1897 .. 
Sept. 1. 1898... 
Mar. I. 1899.... 
April 1. 1899... 

Oct. 1. 1897 

Sept. 1, 1898. . . . 
Jan. 11. 1899. .. 
Jan. 1. 1898.... 
April 1, 1898. .. 
Dec. 15, 1893 .. 
Nov. 1. 1898... 
Dec. 21. 1898 .. 
Jan. 1. 1899.... 
Jan. 1. 189:-).... 
Jan. 18. 1899 .. 
April 20. 1899.. 
Jan. 1, 1899.... 



Jan. 5. 1899.... 
July 12. 1898 .. 
Feb. 28. 1899. .. 
March 31, 1899 



Dec. 14, 1898.. 

Dec. 20, 1898 . 
Dec. 31. 1898 . 
Jan. 17, 1899 . 
Jan. 17. 1899 . 
April 25, 1899. 
June 30, 1899. 



Remarks 



Transferred 

do 
Resigned 
Tern. Employ. 



Relieved 

Relieved 
Resigned 

do 

do 

do 

Position Dis. 



Note.— Dr. S. Thompson. Toledo, was employed as school physician, on con- 
tract, for fiscal years 1899 and 1900. 



LIST OF AGENTS. 

The following is a list of the names and periods of service of the 
several Indian Agents who were appointed by the Federal government 
in charge of the Sac and Fox Indians since their return to Iowa: 

Leander Clark, Special Agent, Dec. — , 1866. to J uly 9, 1869. 

Frank D. Garretty, Special Agent, First Lieutenant U. S. 
Army, July 10, 1869, to Oct. 9, 1870. 

Leander Clark, Special Agent, Oct. 10, 1870, to Sept. 17, 1872. 

Rev. A. R. Howbert, Special Agent, Sept. 18, 1872, to April 
11, 1875. 

Thomas S. Free, Farmer and Acting Agent, April 12, 1875, to 
July 31, 1879. 

Geo. L. Davenport, Agent, Aug. 1, 1879, to Feb. 27, 1885. 
Oscar H. Mills, Agent, April 1. 1885, to Sept. 14, 1885. 
Wm. H. Black, Agent, Sept. 15, 1885, to May 10, 1888. 
Enos Gheen, Agent, May 11, 1888, to June 14, 1890. 
Wallace E, Lesser, Agent, June 15, 1890, to Sept. 30, 1894. 
Horace M. Rebok, Agent, Oct. 1, 1894, to Jan. 27, 1899. . 
Wm. G. Malin, Agent, Jan. 28, 1899, to date. 



INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION OF IOWA. 



REPORT OF ITS WORK. 

A meeting of the Executive Committee of the Indian Rights As- 
sociation of Iowa was held on Friday afternoon, January 27, 1899, at 
the Indian Training School, Toledo, Iowa, and in the evening a recep- 
tion was held to the membership of the association. These meetings 
were the realization of the hopes of the association. President Fel- 
lows called the executive committee together in business meeting in 
the reception room of the school at two o'clock in the afternoon and 
there were present the following members:— Dr. S. N. Fellows, of 
Grundy Center, Iowa, Mr. A. E. Jackson, of Tama, Messrs. John R. 
Caldwell, E. C. Ebersole and Horace M. Rebok of Toledo. After a 
business session the committee visited the class room and for the first 
time saw the children of the Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa in a model 
school room pursuing their studies like other children and presenting 
evidences of success and capability for which few had given them credit. 
The success of the school room work and the high testimony of the 
superintendent and teachers to the intelligence, aptness, and tract- 
ability of the children, were matters of much interest and satisfaction. 

At four o'clock the retiring Agent entertained the members of the 
committee and the superintendent of the school at dinner. The rest 
of the afternoon was spent by the committee in looking over the 
premises and familiarizing themselves with the work of the school. 

The membership of the association was invited to meet with the 
Executive Committee in the assembly room of the school from seven to 
nine o'clock, and the evening was very pleasantly passed. At the ap- 
pointed hour when the guests were seated the Indian children march- 
ed into the hall to music, in a very creditable manner and without 
showing any embarrassment. They remained during all the exercises 
and their deportment was perfect, and while they understood little 
that was said, they showed appreciation of the instrumental music 
rendered on the occasion by applauding the performers. 

The principal feature of the evening was the report of the work of 
the association as made by its president, Dr. Fellows, and the report 
will be found in the following pages. Short addresses were made by 
Messrs. John R. Caldwell, E. C. Ebersole, A. E. Jackson, retiring 
Agent Rebok, W. G. Malin, incoming agent, and Superintendent Geo. 
W. Nellis. It was evident from the character of the addresses that 
the work then begun would be pushed to a successful conclusion, until 
every Indian child in Iowa has been given a practical education and 
been placed in a position to enter the battle of life with something 
like an equal chance with his white brother. 



22 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



The report of the Indian Eights Associatipn of Iowa, given by its 
president, Kev. S. N. Fellows, D. D. is as follows: 

REPORT BY PRESIDENT FELLOWS. 

Nearly four years ago this associotion was organized, and no official 
report has hitherto been made. It seems fitting that on this occasion, 
when a change is to occur in the Indian agency at this place, that a 
meeting of the association should be held and a full historical report 
be given of work done and progress made. * 

For many years I have been interested in the Indian problem. 
On moving to Toledo and becoming acquainted with United States 
Indian Agent Horace M. Rebok, I found him as deeply interested as 
myself. In the spring of 1895 it was planned by the agent and the 
Ministerial Union of Toledo and Tama that Dr. A. L. Riggs, principal 
of the Santee Normal Training School of Nebraska, should be written 
for advise and suggestions. He replied, recommending that we invite 
Dr. Charles A. Eastman, an educated Sioux Indian, and secretary of 
the Indian Department of the International Committee of the Y. M. 
C. A. to visit us. This recommendation was laid before the Minister- 
ial Union of Tama and Toledo, which unanimously voted to recom- 
mend the Agent Mr. Rebok, to invite Mr. Eastman. An invitation 
was extended and arrangements made for his coming. On arriving at 
Toledo, he spent a day visiting the Indians. He talked to them in 
council concerning civilization and the new life of the Indian. After 
Dr. Eastman had told the chiefs of the new life of the Indian, he re- 
quested to hear from them. In reply to his request the head of the 
council addressed him through the interpreter in this langnage "We 
have heard what you say. We understand. I hope you will be sincere 
in your new life and continue. But as for us, we are Indians and will 
always be Indians. And so in future years, when you have traveled all 
over this country and have seen all the Indians of the country, and 
come back to us we will show you by our life, that you too were once 
an Indian." This speech of the Indian chief illustrates the attitude 
of the Indians toward civilization and a better life. Arrangements 
were made for Dr. Eastman to address the people of the two cities in 
mass meeting in each place Sunday, June 2nd, 1895, in the interests of 
the Indians of Iowa. On Saturday evening preceding the public 
meetings, a conference was held with Dr. Eastman in Toledo by the 
clergymen and leading business men of both places. After discussing 
the history and present condition of these people, a committee consist- 
ing of Horace M. Rebok, chairman, U. S. Indian Agent, Toledo, Iowa; 
Chas. A. Eastman, M. D., secretary of the International Committee of 
the Y. M. C. A. Indian Department, St. Paul, Minn; Rev. T S. Bailey, 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



23 



D. D. Sup't Presbyterian Missions for Synod of Iowa, Cedar Rapids; 
Hon. E. C. Ebersole, Toledo; A. E. Jackson, Esq., Tama, Iowa, were 
appointed a committee to submit to the meetings on Sunday, a report 
upon the present conditions of the Indians and the form for organiza- 
tion in their behalf. 

The following report embodying the organization of the Indian 
Rights Association of Iowa, was adopted at a mass meeting held in the 
United Brethren Church in Toledo, at 4 o'clock, on June 2nd, 1895, and 
at a mass meeting held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Tama, 
at 8 o'clock on June 2nd, 1895 : 

REPORT OF COMMITTEE. 

Mr. Chairman: Your temporary committee appointed by a 
conference of clergymen and business men of Toledo and Tama, on 
June 1, 1895, have met and reviewed carefully the history and present 
conditions of the Sac and Fox Indians of Tama county, Iowa, and we 
find, 

1. That during the thirty-nine years these. Indians have lived in 
civilization they have made some progress, but not at all in proportion 
tb the opportunities that surround them. 

2. That the problem of their civilization lies in the line of chris- 
tianization and education. 

3. That during the past eleven years, a Christian Mission has been 
maintained among them with commendable results, but that the task 
is greater than the present capacity of the mission, and the mission is 
in need of reinforcement on the part of the Christian people every- 
where, and especially on the part of the people of Iowa. 

4 That during many years a government day school has been 
maintained by the Federal Government, which has accomplished some 
good results and succeeded in awakening among the younger genera- 
tion a desire for knowledge, but that the present school is wholly in- 
adequate and constantly meets with the powerful opposition of the 
chiefs and medicinemen, and is sorely in need of larger support, a 
broader policy and greater authority on the part of the Federal Gov- 
ernment. 

5. That these Indians are in a morbid condition physically, 
mentally and spiritually, and labor under the prejudices of confidence 
abused and rights violated, having taken their standard of Christian 
civilization and Christian manhood from the most unfavorable portion 
of the white population. 

6. That it is the pride and boast of these Indians that they shall 
be the last Indians to adopt civilization and lead the new life, and 
therefore they adhere to their former customs and practices as they 
did fifty years ago, so far as their home life and personal habits are 
concerned; and for this reason a most deplorable condition exists 
among them. 

Therefore, your committee would respectfully recommend that a 
society be organized: 

1. To ascertain the legal status of these people, in order to secure 
just recognition of their rights in state and nation. 

2. To make all reasonable effort to call the attention of the gen- 
eral government to their condition, and to secure legislation in their 
behalf. 



24 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



CONSTITUTION. 

NAME. 

Article 1. The name of this association shall be the Indian Rights 
Association of Iowa. 

PURPOSE. 

Art. 2. The purpose of this association shall be to use all honor- 
able means and efforts to secure to the Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa 
their lawful rights and to promote Christian civilization among them. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

Art. 3. Any resident of Iowa who endorses the purpose of this 
organization and pays an annual membership fee of $1.00 shall be a 
member. 

COMMITTEE OF ONE HUNDRED. 

Art. 4. This association shall be under the control of a commit- 
tee of one hundred or less, six of whom shall be the first executive 
committee elected. The executive committee shall consist of the 
officers of the association and the Uuited States Indian Agent, the 
latter of whom shall be an ex-officio member, and this committee shall 
be the working committee of the association. 

OFFICERS. 

Art. 5. The officers of this association shall be a president, first 
and second vice presidents, a secretary and a treasurer. 

Section 2. The election of officers shall be by ballot, and shall 
take place at the annual meeting on the first Monday in June of each 
year, except this year (1895). 

See. 3 The executive committee shall have power to fill all vacan- 
cies in the offices of the association. 

DUTIES. 

Art. 6. The duties of the president shall be to preside over all 
meetings, to call at afty time special meetings if requested by tour 
members of the executive committee, and to appoint a sub-committee 
whenever it is necessary for any special work. He shall make an an- 
nual report at the annual meeting of the work of the association dur- 
ing the year. 

Section 2. The duties of the first vice president shall be to per- 
form the duties of the president in his absence. The second vice pres- 
ident shall perform the duties of the president in the absence of the 
president and the first vice president. 

Sec. 3. The duties of the treasurer shall be to collect and _ receive 
all dues and contributions to the association, and to pay all claims and 
expenses incurred by the committee, on orders drawn by the president 
and countersigned by the secretary, and he shall make an annual re- 
port of the finances of the association at the annual meeting in June. 

Sec. 4. The duties of the secretary shall be to keep a record of 
the association and its membership and of the executive committee, 
conduct its correspondence, notify the Committee of One Hundred of 
the meetings, regular and called, furnish information to members, or 
others, from time to time, as to to progress of the work of the associa- 
tion, and perform such other duties as pertain to such offices in like 
associations. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

Art. 7. The executive committee shall del ermine and direct the 
work of the association and shall have power to act in the premises. 
Four members shall constitute a quorum. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Art. 8. This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting 
of the Committee of One Hundred, by a two-thirds vote of those pres- 
ent at such meeting. 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA . 



25 



RECOMMENDATION. 

Your committee would respectfully recommend the following 
officers for the first year of the association: 

President, Rev. S. N. Fellows, D.D., pastor M. E. church, Toledo, 
Iowa. 

First Vice President, Senator E. GL Penrose, Tama, 45th District 
of Iowa. 

Second Vice President, Hon. E. C. Ebersole, Toledo, County At- 
torney for Tama County. 

Secretary, Hon. J. it. Caldwell, ex-Judge 17th Judicial District of 
Iowa. 

Treasurer, A. E. Jackson, Esq., Tama, Cashier Farmers and 
Merchants Bank. 

All of which is respectfully submitted by your committee. 

Horace M. Rebok, Chairman, 

Chas. A. Eastman, Sec'y. 

Rev. T. S. Bailey, 

E. C. Ebersole, 

A. E. Jackson. 

Soon after the association was organized, the movement was start- 
ed by the executive committee of the association, to secure from con- 
gress the establishment here of an industrial school. The president of 
the association, at a public meeting in the court house of Toledo and 
afterward in Tama, outlined the plan of work both of the school 
and the method of securing the same; committees were appointed and 
funds raised to defray necessary expenses. A short time afterward the 
secretary, Judge J. R. Caldwell, the U. S. Indian agent, Horace M. Re- 
bok, and the president of the association went to Dubuque to interview 
Senator Allison, who entered heartily into the movement, promised 
his cooperation, and recommended that a delegation be sent to Wash- 
ington in behalf of the school. Letters were written to some of th 
leading men of the state and a favorable response received. Letters 
were also sent to the daily papers of the state, all of which most heart" 
ily approved of the establishment of the school. The following is the 
strong endorsement of the Des Moines Register: 

The Register publishes a letter from Dr S. N. Fellows, president 
of the Indian Rights Association of Iowa, which we hope will receive 
the prompt and careful attention of both the senators and all the con- 
gressmen of Iowa. Dr. Fellows calls attention to the degraded and 
pitiful condition of the Sac and Fox Indians, long located on their 
small reservation in Tama county where they have had little or no at- 
tention from the government, and are in far worse condition today, 
morally and physically than they would be if they had the range of a 
larger reservation and the almost unlimited fields for the pursuit of 
game on the Rocky Mountain ranges. We do not repeat here the dis- 
cription of the worse than heathenish condition of the Iowa Indians, 
but Dr. Fellows describes it so briefly and pointedly in his letter that 
Iowa people ou^ht to hang their heads in shame over the fact that 
they have permitted that condition to obtain for nearly half a century, 
without making any concerted effort to gain the same advantages for 
the Iowa Indians that have been secured for the Indians of other 
states and territories. 

Dr. Fellow's letter briefly outlines the plan for a National Reser- 
vation Industrial School for the Iowa Indians, where both sexes can be 



26 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



taught to read and write and trained to habits of industry on a farm 
of 100 to 200 acres. He calls attention to the fact that such national 
schools are being- established for other and less tribes in other states, 
and righteously asks: "Why not make equal provision for the Indians 
in Iowa"? That is a question the Register repeats to the senators and 
congressmen of Iowa, and it desires all of them to answer it by their 
united efforts to have congress provide for such an industrial school for 
the Iowa Indians this winter. Governor Jackson, Attorney-General 
Remley, State Superintendent Sabin, and other leading citizens of the 
state have already given the Indian Rights Association, of Iowa, their 
hearty endorsement. Ex-Gov. Larrabee has written. "This sore spot 
on Iowa should not be permitted to continue longer." All can see by 
reading Dr- Fellows' letter that the condition of the Iowa Indians is a 
disgrace to Iowa and to all civilization, and the sentiment of the peo- 
ple of the state should be unanimous that the next congress must give 
the Iowa Indians the same advantages that have been given to the 
Indians of other states and territories. There is no reason why Con- 
gress should not do so, and Iowa people will be to blame if the appro- 
priation is not made this winter and the Iowa Indian Industrial 
School built and equipped next year. 

Before proceeding farther it became necessary to determine the 
legal status of these Indians, and Judge J. R. Caldwell and Hon. E. C. 
Ebersole were appointed a committee therefor. These gentlemen, on 
examination of the law reached the conclusion that before Congress 
could be induced to appropriate money for the founding of such a 
school, it was necessary that the state of Iowa waive jurisdiction, ex- 
cept in certain cases, over these Indians and their lands, to the Fed- 
eral government. They accordingly framed a bill covering needed 
legislation which, through the efforts of Hon. A. E. Jackson in the 
House and Senator E. G. Penrose in the Senate, was enacted into law. 
Later the Iowa act tendering jurisdiction was accepted by a special 
enactment of Congress. 

In February 1896, the executive committee sent a special commit- 
tee to Washington, consisting of the President of the Association, 
Rev. Dr. T. S. Bailey, and U. S. Indian Agent Horace M. Rebok. The 
following letter written from Washington indicates the work done 
and success attained: 

$35,000 FOR TAMA COUNTY INDIANS. 

Washington, P. C. } 
February 18, 1896. f 
To the Members of the Indian Rights Association of Iowa: 

The Rev. Dr. T. S. Bailey, Superintendent Home Missions for the 
Synod of Iowa, Mr. Horace M. Rebok, U. S. Indian Agent, and myself 
arrived in Washington Wednesday evening, February 12th. We im- 
mediately called on Senator Allison and Congressman Cousins. 

At first it seemed as though the way was entirely hedged up be- 
fore us. We were told that Congress had adopted the policy of making 
no appropriations for new buildings, etc. We soon learned also that 
we were too late, that the Indian Bureau had made its estimates and 
reported to the committees its needs for the ensuing fiscal year, also 
that the House Committee on Indian Affairs had reported the Indian 
Bill of appropriation to the House, and, that under its rules, no 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 



amendment could be offered in that body. Our only recourse was to 
secure, if possible, an amendment to the House Bill when it should 
reach the Senate. 

On Saturday we secured a hearing- before Mr. Browning", the com- 
missioner of Indian Affairs, and also before the First Assistant Sec- 
retary of the Interior. In all our work in the department Dr. W. N. 
Hailman, Superintendent of Indian Schools, who visited our Indians 
last fall, rendered us invaluable assistance. Having gained their en- 
dorsement of our request, we laid the matter before Senator Gear. 
He very heartily espoused the cause of these Indians, and said that he 
would be glad to introduce the matter to the Senate Accordingly, 
we had the very great pleasure, as we sat in the Senate gallery, on 
Monday February 17th, to hear Senator Gear give notice in a short, 
vigorous speech, that when the House Indian Appropriation Bill 
should reach the Senate he would offer an amendment as follows: 

"For the establishment and completion of an Industrial School for 
the Sac and Fox Indians in Tama County, Iowa, and the purchase of a 
site therefor— thirty-five thousand dollars." 

Senator Gear is deeply interested in the movement, as is also Sen- 
ator Allison, whom we twice interviewed, and it is believed that the 
amendment will, without doubt, pass the Senate. In the House it is 
expected to meet with some opposition. We have also the promise 
that all will be done that can be done to overcome this opposition. 
Under the leadership of Congressman R. G. Cousins, and assisted by 
the other Representatives of Iowa, all of whom we were assured would 
stand by Cousins in his support of the school, success seems assured. 
The amount, thirty-five thousand dollars, was agreed to — the Indian 
Bureau assuring us that this woud provide for a school that would ac- 
commodate one hundred pupils. 

Hon. J. A. Pickler, M. C, from South Dakota, rendered us valua- 
ble assistance. 

In conclusion we may say that we have received only encourage- 
ment from everyone we have met, — the difficulties at first seemed very 
great, but one by one they have been thus far overcome and we have 
succeeded at every point. We attribute this to the fact that this 
movement is in no sense partisan, but is at once just, humane, patriot- 
ic and Christian. It therefore appeals to the judgment and conscience 
of every right minded citizen. 

I go to "New York for a few days, and shall return next week to 
look after this matter again. Yours truly, 

S. Fellows. 
President Indian Rights Association of Iowa. 

The following is the speech of Senator John H. Gear, in sub- 
mitting his amendment to the U. S. Senate, taken from the Congress- 
ional Record: 

SAC AND FOX INDIAN SCHOOL IN IOWA. 

Mr. Gear. I submit an amendment intended to be proposed by 
me to the Indian appropriation bill when it shall be presented. I ask 
that the amendment be referred to the committee on Indian Affairs 
with the request to the Indian Bureau for report. 

It is, in brief, a proposition that Congress shall appropriate $35,000 
in the Indian appropriation bill for the purpose of establishing an 
Indian school at the Indian reservation in the state in which I live 
and represent in part. There is in that state and has been for over 
fifty years, a small branch of the Sac and Fox Indians who were not in 
harmony with the Indians who, under Black Hawk, made war against 
the American people in 1832. They strayed off, leaving the main body 



28 INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 

and went west of the Mississippi river and purchased with their own 
money, received from the Government for their share of their land, 
a couple of sections or such a matter in Tama County, in my state. 
The Government has always had an agency at this small reservation 
if I may so use the word, but the Indians have never had the advan- 
tage of any school. Those Indians now number 400, and they are 
gradually increasing in number. They had, in 1892, 80 children of 
school age; they had last year 117 children. 

To my mind it is most desirable that the Government should take 
some action and establish a school at that place. The good people of 
my State who are interested in the education of Indians, the people 
called the Indian Rights Association, have kindly taken this matter 
up and they present it to Congress through me. They have had a talk 
with the officers of the Indian Bureau who are highly favorable to it. 
This is my only reason for detaining the Senate. I merely want to say 
further about the moral condition of those people that it is most de- 
plorable, and the only way we can make them better in the future, it 
seems to me, is by taking the rising generation and teaching them as 
we teach other Indians in Indian schools, in order that eventually 
they may become self-supporting. 

The Vice President: The amendment will be referred to the 
Committee on Indian Affairs and printed. 

It is a matter of history that the amendment offered by Senator 
Gear became a part of the Indian Appropriation Bill and passed both 
the Senate and the House of Representatives without opposition. 

The subsequent history of the movement, the purchase of the 
land, erection of the buildings and the opening of the school, has been, 
under the management of the Indian Department. The Department 
has labored under many difficulties, some of which seemed at times 
insurmountable, but patience and tact and persistence have won the 
victory and the school is in operation with an attendance of thirty-five 
pupils. Two more pupils are promised in a few days. The success of 
the school is now assured. 

In conclusion, I may say that the little I have been able to do, has 
been a labor of love, and be assured I shall ever cherish the deepest 
interest in the prosperity of the school and the Christian civilization 
of the Indians. 

I take pleasure in bearing testimony to the zeal, tact, firmness and 
wisdom with which U. S. Indian Agent Horace M. Rebok has per- 
formed the delicate and at times extremely difficult duties of his office 
in connection with this educational movement. The Indian Training 
School of Toledo, Iowa, will ever be a monument of his administra- 
tion of Indian affairs. I would like to mention others, but where all 
have done so well, it is unneccessary. 

With profound gratitude to God for His blessings that have at- 
tended this movement, and with hearty thanks to officers, members 

and all citizens who have co-operated in the work of the Association, I 
submit this report. 

S. N. Fellows, 
President Indian Rights Association of Iowa. 
Toledo, Iowa, January 27, 1899. 



SAC AND FOX INDIANS OF IOWA. 

MEMBERSHIP. 



Following is a roster of the In< 
those who contributed to the fui 
work: 

T. S. Bailey, Cedar Rapids, 
E. 0. Ebersole, Toledo, 
S. N. Fellows, Toledo, 

D. Camery, Toledo, 

G. H. Austin, Toledo, 

T. R. McElhinney, Evergreen, 
A. B. Taplin, Montour, 
J, C. Winters, Toledo, 
Henry Giebert, Toledo, 

E. C. Foster, Toledo, 

J. B. M. Bishop, Toledo, - 
J. B. Young, Toledo, 
C. J. Cooper, Toledo, 
J. Irwin Smith, Toledo, 

H. W. Rebok, Toledo, 
L. I. Carson, Tama, 
Edward E. Reardon, Tama, 
Fred Brown, Belle Plaine, 
Chas. Aldrich, Des Moines, 
Mrs. C. C. Sinclair, Cedar Rapids, 
J. L. Pickard, Iowa City, 

W. D. Lee, Toledo, 
Chas. Mason, Toledo, 
P. K. Rebok, Toledo, 
James Davidson, Toledo, 

F. P. Hill, Toledo, 

E. B. Arnold, Toledo, 

R. B. Lichty, Toledo, 

Geo. W. Sweatt, Toledo, 

A. I. Sime, Toledo, 

Jos. Fitzgerald, Toledo, 

Tama & Toledo Electric Light Co. 

J. A. Owen, Toledo, 

J. W. Kremanak, Toledo, 

Jos. Sponar, Toledo, 

S. Phillips, Toledo, 

H. O. Conley, Toledo, 

C. H. Jons, Toledo, 

W. H. Withington, Toledo, 



ian Rights Association of Iowa an 
ds needed in the prosecution of it 

J. R. Caldwell, Toledo, 
Horace M. Rebok, Toledo, 
A. E. Jackson, Tama, 
J. G. Bull, Toledo, . 
Howard Everett, Toledo, 
A. Kosta, Chelsea, 
Chas. Skrable, Toledo. 
Chas. D. Baker, Toledo, 
George Dolezal, Toledo, 
W. C. Smith, Toledo, 
S. E. Clapp, Toledo, 
Knight Dexter, Toledo, 
J. T. Cannon, Toledo, 

G. R. Struble, Toledo, 

Mrs. Horace M. Rebok, Toledo. 

N. S. Beale, Tama, 

C. A. Hilton, Tama, 

R. E. Williams, Gladbrook, 

William Larrabee, Clermont. 

Mrs. J. E. Boynton, Cedar Rapid 

H. J. Stiger, Toledo, 

F. L. Whitford, Toledo, 
Joseph Davidek, Toledo, 

E. M. Beilby, Toledo, 
H. Wagner, Toledo, 
Gust Reichmann, Toledo, 
Jos. Dolezal, Toledo, 

C. A. Baxter, Toledo, 
W. A. Fee, Toledo, 
Wm. M. Parker, Toledo, 

F. Junker, Toledo, 

, S. Thompson. Toledo, 
S. D. Kemp, Toledo, 
J. D. Schuldt, Toledo, 
John Wild, Toledo, 
A. J. Dudley, Toledo, 
Giger, Giger & Co,, Toledo, 
J. H. Owen, Toledo, 
A. Stone, Toledo, 



30 



INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL 



J. H. Ross, Toledo, 
H. A. Shanklin, Toledo, 
M. G. Stiger, Toledo, 
J. M. E. Hanson, Toledo, 
P. W. McEoberts, Toledo, 
W. E. Carpenter, Toledo, 
A. Forker, Toledo, 
F. H. Arb, Toledo, 
C. W. Ullom, Toledo, 
C. M. Lathrop, Toledo, 
M. V. Burns, Toledo, 
L. E. Grauel, Toledo, 
E. E. Smith, Toledo, 
C. E. Walters, Toledo, 
Krezek & Co., Toledo, 
W. H. Ross, Toledo, 
J. Hoke Eebok, Toledo, 
E. G. Penrose, Tama, 
S. C. Huber, Tama, 
C. P. Smith, Tama, 
W. E. Fowler, Tama, 
W. E. Brice, Tama, 
Abigail B. Mott, What Cheer, 
W. C Walters, Toledo, 
A. L. Speaker, Toledo, 
Chas. H. Mills, Toledo, 
A. A. Jones, Toledo, 
Gertrude Harlan, Toledo. 
H. Y. Harlan, Toledo, 
Geo. W. Nellis, Toledo, 
L. B. Blinn, Toledo, 
John Banzhaf, Marhalltown, 



W. A. Dexter, Toledo, 
W. M. Connell, Toledo, 
Ida L. Smith, Toledo, 
H. W. Boynton, Toledo, 
P. L. Swearingen, Toledo, 
S. Stiger, Toledo, 
J. A. Phillips, Toledo, 
H. G. Eoss, Toledo, 

A. H. Conant, Toledo, 
S. F. Wheeler, Toledo, 
J. L. Monfort. Tolodo, 
L. E. Baker, Toledo, 
H. Pusteoska, Toledo, 
W. D. Spayth, Toledo, 
L. Clark, Toledo, 

D. S. Hinegardner, Toledo, 
W. H. Harrison, Jr., Toledo, 
C. J. Wonser, Tama, 
S. McGranahan, Tama, 
J. L. Bracken, Tama, 

B. F. Hill, Tama, 
H. Soleman, Tama, 

H. S. Thompson, Toledo, 

C. D. Coates, Toledo, 
M. E. Morgan, Toledo, 
Claus H. Tode, Toledo, 

D. W. Turbett, Toledo, 
Luella Varner, Toledo, 
J. A. Ben tly, Toledo, 
W. G. Malin, Toledo, 



H. T. Arb, Toledo, 
Christian Eeimer, Marshall town. 
This list of membership is made up from the original book of mem- 
bers and from subscription papers circulated afterwards in Toledo and 
Tama. If any names are omitted that should be enrolled, it is for the 
reason that they failed to be subscribed to any of these documents. 



H92 74 539 



